✨ Adopt uv in CI

[burgholzer]

Description

This PR updates the CI configuration to use uv by Astral (the creators of ruff), which is an extremely fast Python package installer and resolver, written in Rust. It is sesigned as a drop-in replacement for common pip and pip-tools workflows.
See https://github.com/astral-sh/uv

Similar to ruff, it is extremely fast and in very active development. This should speed up any of the Python-based CI runs without much confirguration overhead.

This PR refactors the minimums check to make use of uv's --resolution=lowest-direct" feature. This allows us to completely get rid of the constraints.txtfile. Furthermore, it makes use of the new versions ofmqt-core`'s reusable workflows.

Checklist:

• The pull request only contains commits that are related to it.
• I have added appropriate tests and documentation.
• I have made sure that all CI jobs on GitHub pass.
• The pull request introduces no new warnings and follows the project's style guidelines.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 90.0%. Comparing base (e9eee05) to head (013414d).

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##            main    #444     +/-   ##
=======================================
+ Coverage   89.8%   90.0%   +0.1%     
=======================================
  Files         61      61             
  Lines       6357    6354      -3     
  Branches    1008    1008             
=======================================
+ Hits        5713    5722      +9     
+ Misses       644     632     -12     

Flag	Coverage Δ
cpp	89.5% <ø> (+0.1%)	⬆️
python	95.9% <ø> (+1.0%)	⬆️

see 4 files with indirect coverage changes